In more modern days, a similar avidity was shewn to obtain a relic of the luckless Masaniello, the fisherman of Naples. After he had been raised by mob favour to a height of power more despotic than monarch ever wielded, he was shot by the same populace in the streets, as if he had been a mad dog. His headless trunk was dragged through the mire for several hours, and cast at night-fall into the city ditch. On the morrow the tide of popular feeling turned once more in his favour. His corpse was sought, arrayed in royal robes, and buried magnificently by torch-light in the cathedral, ten thousand armed men, and as many mourners, attending at the ceremony. The fisherman's dress which he had worn was rent into shreds by the crowd, to be preserved as relics; the door of his hut was pulled off its hinges by a mob of women, and eagerly cut up into small pieces, to be made into images, caskets, and other mementos. The scanty furniture of his poor abode became of more value than the adornments of a palace; the ground he had walked upon was considered sacred, and, being collected in small phials, was sold at its weight in gold, and worn in the bosom as an amulet.
Almost as extraordinary was the frenzy manifested by the populace of Paris on the execution of the atrocious Marchioness de Brinvilliers. There were grounds for the popular wonder in the case of Masaniello, who was unstained with personal crimes. But the career of Madame de Brinvilliers was of a nature to excite no other feelings than disgust and abhorrence. She was convicted of poisoning several persons, and sentenced to be burned in the Place de Grève, and to have her ashes scattered to the winds. On the day of her execution, the populace, struck by her gracefulness and beauty, inveighed against the severity of her sentence. Their pity soon increased to admiration, and, ere evening, she was considered a saint. Her ashes were industriously collected; even the charred wood, which had aided to consume her, was eagerly purchased by the populace. Her ashes were thought to preserve from witchcraft.
In England many persons have a singular love for the relics of thieves and murderers, or other great criminals. The ropes with which they have been hanged are very often bought by collectors at a guinea per foot. Great sums were paid for the rope which hanged Dr. Dodd, and for those more recently which did justice upon Mr. Fauntleroy for forgery, and on Thurtell for the murder of Mr. Weare. The murder of Maria Marten, by Corder, in the year 1828, excited the greatest interest all over the country. People came from Wales and Scotland, and even from Ireland, to visit the barn where the body of the murdered woman was buried. Every one of them was anxious to carry away some memorial of his visit. Pieces of the barn-door, tiles from the roof, and, above all, the clothes of the poor victim, were eagerly sought after. A lock of her hair was sold for two guineas, and the purchaser thought himself fortunate in getting it so cheaply.
So great was the concourse of people to visit the house in Camberwell Lane, where Greenacre murdered Hannah Brown, in 1837, that it was found necessary to station a strong detachment of police on the spot. The crowd was so eager to obtain a relic of the house of this atrocious criminal, that the police were obliged to employ force to prevent the tables and chairs, and even the doors, from being carried away.
In earlier times, a singular superstition was attached to the hand of a criminal who had suffered execution. It was thought that by merely rubbing the dead hand on the body, the patient afflicted with the king's evil would be instantly cured. The executioner at Newgate formerly derived no inconsiderable revenue from this foolish practice. The possession of the hand was thought to be of still greater efficacy in the cure of diseases and the prevention of misfortunes. In the time of Charles II., as much as ten guineas was thought a small price for one of these disgusting relics.
When the maniac, Thom, or Courtenay, was shot, in the spring of 1838, the relic-hunters were immediately in motion to obtain a memento of so extraordinary an individual. His long black beard and hair, which were cut off by the surgeons, fell into the hands of his disciples, by whom they were treasured with the utmost reverence. A lock of his hair commanded a great price, not only amongst his followers, but among the more wealthy inhabitants of Canterbury and its neighbourhood. The tree against which he fell when he was shot, was stripped of all its bark by the curious; while a letter, with his signature to it, was paid for in gold coins; and his favourite horse became as celebrated as its master. Parties of ladies and gentlemen went to Boughton from a distance of a hundred and fifty miles, to visit the scene of that fatal affray, and stroke on the back the horse of the "mad knight of Malta." If a strict watch had not been kept over his grave for months, the body would have been disinterred, and the bones carried away as memorials.
Among the Chinese no relics are more valued than the _boots_ which have been worn by an upright magistrate. In Davis's interesting description of the empire of China, we are informed, that whenever a judge of unusual integrity resigns his situation, the people all congregate to do him honour. If he leaves the city where he has presided, the crowd accompany him from his residence to the gates, where his boots are drawn off with great ceremony, to be preserved in the hall of justice. Their place is immediately supplied by a new pair, which, in their turn, are drawn off to make room for others before he has worn them five minutes, it being considered sufficient to consecrate them that he should have merely drawn them on.
Among the most favourite relics of modern times, in Europe, are Shakspeare's mulberry-tree, Napoleon's willow, and the table at Waterloo on which the emperor wrote his despatches. Snuff-boxes of Shakspeare's mulberry-tree are comparatively rare, though there are doubtless more of them in the market than were ever made of the wood planted by the great bard. Many a piece of alien wood passes under this name. The same may be said of Napoleon's table at Waterloo. The original has long since been destroyed, and a round dozen of counterfeits along with it. Many preserve the simple stick of wood; others have them cut into brooches and every variety of ornament; but by far the greater number prefer them as snuff-boxes. In France they are made into _bonbonnières_, and are much esteemed by the many thousands whose cheeks still glow and whose eyes still sparkle at the name of Napoleon.
Bullets from the field of Waterloo, and buttons from the coats of the soldiers who fell in the fight, are still favourite relics in Europe. But the same ingenuity which found new tables after the old one was destroyed, has cast new bullets for the curious. Many a one who thinks himself the possessor of a bullet which aided in giving peace to the world on that memorable day, is the owner of a dump, first extracted from the ore a dozen years afterwards. Let all lovers of genuine relics look well to their money before they part with it to the ciceroni that swarm in the village of Waterloo!
Few travellers stopped at the lonely isle of St. Helena without cutting a twig from the willow that drooped over the grave of Napoleon, prior to the removal of the body by the government of Louis Philippe. Many of them have since been planted in different parts of Europe, and have grown into trees as large as their parent. Relic-hunters, who are unable to procure a twig of the original, are content with one from these. Several of them are growing in the neighbourhood of London.
But in relics, as in every thing else, there is the use and the abuse. The undoubted relics of great men, or great events, will always possess attractions for the thinking and refined. There are few who would not join with Cowley in the extravagant wish introduced in his lines "written while sitting in a chair made of the remains of the ship in which Sir Francis Drake sailed round the world:"
And I myself, who now love quiet too, Almost as much, as any chair can do, Would yet a journey take An old wheel of that chariot to see, Which Phaeton so rashly brake.
END OF VOL. II.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY LEVEY, ROBSON, AND FRANKLYN, GREAT NEW STREET, FETTER LANE.
INDEX.
Abraham, Noah, and Moses said to have been alchymists, i. 95, 114.
Acre besieged in the Third Crusade, ii. 69; its surrender to the Christians, 71.
Addison's account of a Rosicrucian, i. 177; his opinion on duelling, ii. 281.
Agricola, George, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 145.
Agrippa, Cornelius, memoir, and _portrait_ of, i. 138; his power of raising the dead and the absent, 142.
Aislabie, Mr., Chancellor of the Exchequer, his participation in the South-Sea fraud, i. 73, 78; rejoicings on his committal to the Tower, 79.
Alain Delisle. (_See_ Delisle.)
Albertus Magnus, his studies in alchymy, i. 99; _portrait_ of, 100; his animated brazen statue destroyed by Thomas Aquinas, 100; his power to change the course of the seasons, 101.
ALCHYMISTS, the, or Searches for the Philosopher's Stone and the Water of Life, i. 94-220; natural origin of the study of Alchymy, its connexion with astrology, &c., i. 94; alleged antiquity of the study, 95; its early history, 96; Memoirs of Geber, 96; Alfarabi, 97; Avicenna, 98; Albertus Magnus, with _portrait_, Thomas Aquinas, 99; Artephius, 102; Alain Delisle, 102; Arnold de Villeneuve, with _portrait_, 103; receipt for the elixir vitæ ascribed to him, 103; Pietro d'Apone, 104; Raymond Lulli, with _portrait_, 105; Roger Bacon, 110; Pope John XXII., 111; Jean de Meung, 112; Nicholas Flamel, 113; George Ripley, 118; Basil Valentine, 119; Bernard of Treves, 119; Trithemius, 124; Maréchal de Rays, 125; Jacques Coeur, 132; inferior adepts of the 14th and 15th centuries, 135; progress of the infatuation in the 16th and 17th centuries, 137-189; Augurello, 137; Cornelius Agrippa, with _portrait_, 138; Paracelsus, with _portrait_, 142; George Agricola, 145; Denis Zachaire, 146; Dr. Dee, with _portrait_, and Edward Kelly, 152; Dr. Dee's "Shewstone" (_engraving_), 154; the Cosmopolite, 163; the Rosicrucians, 167; Jacob Böhmen, 177; Mormius, 178; Borri, 179; inferior Alchymists of the 17th century, 185; their impositions, 188; Alchymy since that period, 189-220; Jean Delisle, 189; Albert Aluys, 197; the Count de St. Germain, 200; Cagliostro, 206; present state of Alchymy, 220.
Alexius I., Emperor, his treatment of the Crusaders, ii. 17-19; imprisons the Count of Vermandois, 23; is compelled to release him, 24; his fear of the Crusaders, 25; his treachery at Nice, 28; neglects the Crusaders at Antioch, 35, 42.
Alexius III., usurping the Greek empire, is expelled by the Crusaders, ii. 77.
Alexius IV. made Emperor of the Greeks by the aid of the Crusaders, ii. 77; his deposition and murder, 78.
Alexius Ducas (Murzuphlis) chosen Emperor instead of Alexius IV., ii. 78; defeated by the French and Venetians, 79.
Alfarabi, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 97.
Almanac-makers: Lilly, Poor Robin, Partridge, Francis Moore, Matthew Laensbergh, i. 240.
Aluys, Albert, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 97.
American laws against duelling, ii. 299.
Amsterdam, witches burnt at, ii. 160.
Animal Magnetism. (_See_ Magnetism.)
Andrews, Henry, the original of "Francis Moore," _portrait_, i. 244.
Anna Comnena, her notices of the Crusaders, ii. 22, 25.
Anne, Queen, duels in her reign, ii. 289; her efforts to suppress them, 292.
Antioch, besieged by the Crusaders, ii. 29; is taken by treachery, 32; sufferings of the Crusaders from famine and pestilence, 35; pretended discovery of the Holy Lance (_engraving_), 37; battle, and defeat of the Turks, 38; retaken by Saladin, 63.
Aquinas, Thomas, his studies in Alchymy, i. 99; he destroys an animated brazen statue, 100; his magical performances, 101.
Arabia, the chief seat of the Alchymists, i. 96.
Arnold de Villeneuve. (_See_ De Villeneuve.)
Arras, _view_ of the Town-hall, ii. 101; persecution of the Waldenses at, 115.
Art, works of, destroyed by the Crusaders at Constantinople, ii. 79.
Artephius, his extravagant pretensions as an Alchymist, i. 102.
Astrology, its prevalence in England, i. 243; account of Lilly's prophecies, 244; its connexion with Alchymy. (_See_ the Alchymists, Dr. Dee, &c.)
Augurello the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 137.
Augury, an almost exploded study, i. 272.
Aurea-crucians, a sect founded by Jacob Böhmen, i. 177.
Avicenna the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 98.
Bacon, Lord, _portrait of_, ii. 286; his opposition to duelling, 285, 287.
Bacon, Roger, his pursuit of Alchymy, i. 110; his scientific discoveries, 111.
Bagnone, Francisco, the magnetiser, i. 272.
Bailly, M., his account of Mesmer's experiments, i. 281, 293.
Baldarroch Farm-house, "haunted," ii. 235; investigation by the elders of the kirk; the noises caused by servant-girls, 237.
Baldwin (King of Jerusalem), joins the Crusaders at Nice, ii. 27; becomes prince of Edessa, 30, 41; succeeds Godfrey as King of Jerusalem, 48; bible of his queen (_engraving_), 50.
Baldwin, Count of Flanders, chosen Emperor of the Greeks, ii. 80.
Ballads. (_See_ Songs.)
Bamberg, _view_ in; witches executed there, ii. 162.
Banditti in Italy, ii. 256.
Banking schemes of John Law, i. 4.
Bank of England, its competition with the South-Sea Company, i. 48, 66.
Baptism mocked in the witches' "Sabbaths," ii. 109.
Barbarin, Chevalier de, his experiments in animal magnetism, i. 286.
Barbarossa, the Emperor, commences the Third Crusade; his death, ii. 63, 64.
Barthelemy, Peter, his pretended vision and discovery of the "holy lance;" its effect on the Crusaders; battle of Antioch, the Turks defeated, ii. 35-40; charged with falsehood, subjected to the fiery ordeal, and burnt to death, 41.
Bastille, the. (_See_ Paris.)
Bavaria, ordinance against moustaches, i. 302.
Beards forbidden to be worn; religious and political prejudices, i. 296-303. (_See_ Hair.)
Beckmann's remarks on the tulip, i. 86.
"Beggar's Opera," its popularity and immoral influence, ii. 258.
Beranger's Song, "Thirteen at Table," i. 257.
Bernard of Treves, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 119.
Best and Lord Camelford, their fatal duel, ii. 297.
Bethlehem, Shrine of the Nativity (_engraving_), ii. 43; Richard I. arrives there; _view_ of the city, ii. 73.
Bible of the Queen of Baldwin, King of Jerusalem, (_engraving_), ii. 50.
"Blue Beard," the Maréchal de Rays his supposed prototype, i. 132.
Blunt, Sir John, Chairman of the South-Sea Bubble, his share in the fraud, i. 63, 74, 77; his examination by Parliament, 75; his property confiscated, 81; Pope's sketch of him, 74.
Bodinus, his persecution of witches, ii. 159.
Boerhave, his belief in Alchymy, i. 185.
Bohemund, his courage displayed in the Crusades, ii. 21, 28, 30, 31, 35, 38, 39; takes Antioch, by treachery in the garrison, 32; is made Prince of Antioch, 32, 41.
Böhmen, Jacob, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 177.
Bonfires on Tower Hill, on the committal of the South-Sea schemers, i. 79.
Booker, an astrologer, notice of, i. 244.
Boots, torture of the (_engraving_), ii. 131.
Borri, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 179.
Bourdeaux, haunted house at, ii. 221.
Bourges, house of Jaques Coeur (_engraving_), i. 134.
Boyd, Captain, killed in a duel, ii. 293.
"Brabant Screen," the, a caricature of the South-Sea Bubble, i. 76.
Breda, siege of, i. 270.
Bremen, Nadel's escape from prison, ii. 257.
Brinvilliers, Madame de, her atrocious murders; escape from France; subsequent trial and execution, ii. 208-214; relics of her fate anxiously sought after, 305.
Brown, Sir Thomas, _portrait_ of; his belief in witchcraft, ii. 151.
Bubble Companies, contemporaneously with the South-Sea Scheme, their extravagant character, i. 52; profits of the promoters, 53; declared unlawful, 55, 86; companies dissolved, 57.
"Bubble Cards," or Caricatures, i. 60, 61.
Buckingham, Villiers, Duke of, his rise in the favour of James I., ii. 197; _portrait_ of, 198; suspected to have poisoned the king, 201.
Byron, Lord, his trial for the murder of Mr. Chaworth in a duel, ii. 292.
Byron, Lord, his poetical villains, ii. 259.
Cagliostro, memoir of, i. 206; his adventures in London, 209; _view_ of his house, 215; implicated in the theft of the diamond necklace, tried and acquitted, 216-220; again in London, imprisonment and death at Rome, 220.
Cagliostro, the Countess, i. 208; his accomplice; her wit, beauty, and ingenuity, 213-216.
Cambridge University, annual sermon against witchcraft, ii. 127.
Camelford, Lord, killed in a duel, ii. 297.
Camhel, Sultan, his generosity to the Christians, ii. 84, 85.
Campbell, Major, his duel with Capt. Boyd, and execution, ii. 293.
Candlemas Eve, superstitious customs, i. 258.
Cant phrases. (_See_ Popular follies.)
Cards. (_See_ Fortune-telling.)
Caricatures, referring to the Mississippi Scheme (_four engravings_), i. 25, 29, 37, 40, 44.
Caricatures of the South-Sea Bubble (_seven engravings_), i. 60, 61, 68, 70, 76, 82, 84.
Casaubon, his account of Dr. Dee's intercourse with spirits, i. 155.
"Chambre Ardente," instituted by Louis XIV. for the trial of poisoners, ii. 214, 283.
Change Alley during the South-Sea Bubble (_engraving_), i. 60.
Charlemagne, his edicts against witches, ii. 109.
Charles I. prevents a duel, ii. 287.
Charles II., his disgraceful conduct in reference to a duel, ii. 288.
Charles VI. of France, his studies in Alchymy, i. 117; his work on that subject, 136.
Charles IX. of France, his patronage of _Nostradamus_, i. 246; _portrait of_, ii. 119; his belief in witchcraft, 120.
Chaworth, Mr., killed by Lord Byron in a duel, ii. 292.
Chemistry, its connexion with Alchymy; valuable discoveries of the Alchymists, i. 207, 221.
Children in the Crusades; their personal bravery, ii. 45; are sold to slavery, 81.
Children executed for witchcraft, ii. 163, 179, 181.
Christina, Queen of Sweden, her patronage of Alchymy, i. 183, 185.
Clermont, Urban II. preaches the Crusade there; cathedral of (_engraving_), ii. 9.
Cock-Lane Ghost, history of the deception; _views_ of the "haunted house," ii. 228, 230.
Coeur, Jaques, memoir of, i. 132; his house at Bourges (_engraving_), 132.
Cohreddin, Sultan, his generosity to the Christians, ii. 84, 85.
Coke, Chief Justice, _portrait_ of, ii. 199; the poisoners of Sir Thomas Overbury tried by him, 198.
Collins, Joseph, contriver of mysterious noises at Woodstock Palace, ii. 224.
Comets regarded as omens, i. 223, 225; actually dangerous, 228.
Conrad, Emperor of Germany, joins the Crusades, ii. 56; reaches Jerusalem, 60; returns to Europe, 62.
Constance, _view_ of the town gate, ii. 116; witches executed there, 117, 160.
Constantinople during the Crusades, ii. 17, 23-26, 56, 77-80; _view_ of, 78.
Contumacy (refusing to plead to a criminal charge); its severe punishment, ii. 199.
Cornhill at the time of the South-Sea Bubble (_engraving_), i. 51.
Cosmopolite, the, an anonymous alchymist, memoir of, i. 163.
Cowley's poetical description of the tulip, i. 86; his lines on relics of great men, ii. 308.
Craggs, Mr. Secretary, _portrait_ of, i. 64; his participation in the South-Sea Bubble, 64, 71, 73, 77, 78; his death, 80.
Craggs, Mr., father of the above, his participation in the fraud; his death, i. 80.
Criminals, anxiety to possess relics of their crimes, ii. 306. (_See_ Thieves.)
Cromwell, Sir Samuel, his persecution of "The Witches of Warbois," ii. 126.
Cross, trial or ordeal of the, ii. 264.
Cross, the true. (_See_ Relics.)
CRUSADES, The, ii. 1-100; differently represented in history and in romance; pilgrimages before the Crusades, ii. 2; encouraged by Haron al Reschid; pilgrims taxed by the Fatemite caliphs; increase of pilgrimages in anticipation of the millenium, 3; oppressions of the Turks; consequent indignation of the pilgrims, 4; Peter the Hermit espouses their cause; state of the public mind in Europe, 5; motives leading to the Crusades, 6; Peter the Hermit stimulates the Pope; his personal appearance, 7; council at Placentia, 8; the Pope preaches the Crusade at Clermont, 9; enthusiasm of the people, 10; increased by signs and portents, 11; zeal of the women, 12; crowds of Crusaders, 13; "The truce of God" proclaimed; dissipation of the Crusaders, 14; popular leaders; Walter the Penniless, and Gottschalk, 15; conflicts with the Hungarians, 15, 16; Peter the Hermit defeated; arrives at Constantinople, 17; the Emperor Alexius; dissensions and reverses of the first Crusaders, 18; Peter the Hermit assisted by Alexius, 19; fresh hordes from Germany and France; their cruelty to the Jews, 20; defeated in Hungary; fresh leaders; Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh count of Vermandois, Robert duke of Normandy, Robert count of Flanders and Bohemund, 21; the immense number of their forces; Hugh of Vermandois imprisoned, 23; his release obtained by Godfrey of Bouillon, 24; insolence of Count Robert of Paris; weakness of Alexius, 25; the siege of Nice, 26; barbarity of the Crusaders and Musselmen; anecdote of Godfrey of Bouillon, 27; Nice surrenders to Alexius; battle of Doryloeum, 28; improvidence and sufferings of the Crusaders, 29, 30; the siege of Antioch, 29, 31; Crusaders reduced to famine, 30; Antioch taken by treachery in the garrison (_engraving_), 32; the city invested by the Turks, 34; increasing famine and desertion, 35; Peter Barthelemy, his pretended vision, and discovery of the "Holy Lance" (_engraving_), 35-37, 40; revival of enthusiasm, 38; battle of Antioch, and defeat of the Turks, 38; dissensions, 40; fate of Peter Barthelemy, 41; Marah taken by storm, 42; shrine of the nativity at Bethlehem, (_engraving_), 43; first sight of Jerusalem (_engraving_), 44; the city besieged and taken, 45; Peter the Hermit's fame revives, 46; Jerusalem under its Christian kings, 48; Godfrey of Bouillon succeeded by Baldwin; continual conflicts with the Saracens; Edessa taken by them, 50.
_Second Crusade_:--Society in Europe at its commencement, 52; St. Bernard's preaching; Louis VII. joins the Crusaders, 53-55; receives the cross at Vezelai (_engraving_), 54; is joined by Conrad emperor of Germany and a large army, 56; their reception by Manuel Comnenus, 57; losses of the German army, 58; progress to Nice, and thence to Jerusalem, 60; jealousies of the leaders; siege of Damascus, 61; further dissensions; the siege abandoned, 62.
_Third Crusade_:--Progress of chivalry, 62; successes of Saladin, 63; Barbarossa defeats the Saracens, 64; Crusade joined by Henry II. and Philip Augustus, 64; they meet at Gisors (_engraving_), 65; the Crusade unpopular, 66; delayed by war between France and England, death of Henry II.; Richard and Philip proceed to Palestine, 67; Richard attacks the Sicilians, 68; arrives at Acre, 69; siege and surrender of the city, 71; dissensions, Philip returns to France, Saladin defeated at Azotus, 72; Crusaders reach Bethlehem (_engraving_), retreat agreed on, 73; Jaffa attacked by Saladin and rescued by Richard, peace concluded, Richard's imprisonment and ransom, 74.
_Fourth Crusade_, undertaken by the Germans; its failure, 75.
_Fifth Crusade_:--Foulque, Bishop of Neuilly, enlists the chivalry of France; assisted by the Venetians; siege of Zara, 76; Crusaders expel Alexius III. from Constantinople, 77; Alexius IV. deposed, 78; Murzuphlis defeated by the Crusaders and Venetians, 79; Baldwin count of Flanders, elected emperor; Pilgrimages to Jerusalem; children undertaking the Crusade are betrayed to slavery, 80.
_Sixth Crusade_, prompted by the Pope, 81; undertaken by the King of Hungary; pursued in Egypt; Damietta taken, 82; Cardinal Pelagius and John of Brienne, 83; dissensions and reverses; Damietta abandoned, 84.
_Seventh Crusade_:--Undertaken by Frederick II. of Germany, 84; intrigues against him; he is excommunicated, 85; crowns himself King of Jerusalem, 86; supported by the Templars and Hospitallers (_engraving_), 86; returns to Germany, 87.
_Eighth Crusade_, commenced in France, 87: battle of Gaza; Richard earl of Cornwall; truce agreed on; the Korasmins take Jerusalem, 88; they subdue the Templars, but are extirpated by the Syrian sultans, 90.
_Ninth Crusade_, began by Louis IX., 90; joined by William Longsword (_engraving_), 91; the Crusade unpopular in England, 91-97; Damietta taken, 93; battle of Massoura; Louis taken prisoner by the Saracens; his ransom and return, 94; excitement in France, 95.
_Tenth Crusade_, by Louis IX. and Prince Edward of England, 95; Louis dies at Carthage, 96; Edward arrives at Acre, 97; defeats the Turks at Nazereth; is treacherously wounded; the legend of Queen Eleanor, 98; her tomb at Westminster (_engraving_); a truce concluded; Edward returns to England; subsequent fate of the Holy Land, 99; civilising influence of the Crusades, 100.
Currency in France, the Mississippi scheme, i. 4.
D'Aguesseau, Chancellor of France, his opposition to the Mississippi scheme, i. 11; _portrait_ of; his financial measures, 33.
Damascus, besieged by the Crusaders (_engraving_), ii. 61.
Damietta besieged by the Crusaders, ii. 83, 93.
Dances of witches and toads, ii. 108, 109.
D'Ancre, the Maréchale, executed for witchcraft, ii. 166.
Dandolo, Doge of Venice, his encouragement of the Crusaders, ii. 76.
D'Apone, Pietro, his studies in alchymy; his command of money; charged with heresy, is tortured, and dies in prison, i. 104; _portrait_ of, ii. 140.
D'Argenson, French minister of finance, a supporter of the Mississippi scheme, i. 11, 42; _portrait_ of, 42.
Dead, the. (_See_ Raising the Dead.)
De Bouteville, a famous duellist, _temp._ Louis XIII., ii. 280; beheaded by the justice of Richelieu, 281.
Dee, Dr., memoir and _portrait_ of, i. 152; his "shew-stone" in the British Museum (_engraving_), 154.
De Jarnac and La Chataigneraie, their famous duel, ii. 273.
Deleuze, M., his absurd theories on animal magnetism, i. 291.
Delisle, Alain, an alchymist, i. 102.
Delisle, Jean, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 189; his success in transmuting metals, attested by the Bishop of Senes, 193; his imprisonment and death, 197.
Delrio, his persecution of witches, ii. 159.
De Meung, Jean, author of the _Roman de la Rose_, his study of alchymy, his libel on the fair sex, i. 112.
Demons, popular belief in, ii. 105; their powers and propensities, 106, 107; their meetings or "Sabbaths," 107. (_See_ Witchcraft and the Alchymists.)
De Nogent, his description of Peter the Hermit, ii. 7; of the enthusiasm of the first Crusaders, 12, 23.
De Rays, Maréchale, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 125.
De Rohan, Cardinal, his patronage of Cagliostro, i. 213-215; his connexion with Marie Antoinette and the diamond necklace, 216-220.
D'Eslon, a pupil of Mesmer, i. 276, 280.
Desmarets, Minister of France, his belief in alchymy, i. 192.
Devil, the, old popular notions of, ii. 103; various forms assumed by him, 106, 107; presided at the witches' "Sabbath," 108; his appearance to De Rays and Agrippa, i. 129, 142.
De Villeneuve, Arnold, his skill as a physician, astrologer and alchymist (with _portrait_), i. 103.
D'Horn, Count, murders a broker, and steals his Mississippi bonds (_engraving_), i. 21; efforts to save his life, inflexibility of the Regent, his execution, 22, 23.
Diamond, famous, purchased by the Regent Orleans, i. 27.
Diamond Necklace of Marie Antoinette, history of the theft, i. 206-220.
Diamonds worn by the Count St. Germain, i. 203; his power of removing flaws in, 204.
Digby, Sir Kenelm, a believer in the virtues of "weapon-salve," i. 265.
Diseases cured by imagination, i. 262, 272; pretended influence of magnetism, 262. (_See_ the MAGNETISERS.)
Divination, its popularity; by cards, the tea-cup, the palm of the hand, the rod, and other modes, i. 251.
"Domdaniel," or Witches' Sabbath. (_See_ Witchcraft.)
Dorylæum, battle of, ii. 28.
Dowston, John, an English alchymist, i. 136.
Dramas on the adventures of thieves; their popularity and evil influence, ii. 253, 257-260.
Dreams, interpretation of, i. 253.
Dreams on particular nights, i. 258.
Dream-books, their extensive sale, i. 254.
Du Pompadour, Madame, and the Count de St. Germain, i. 201.
Dupotet, M., his account of Mesmer's experiments, i. 279, 285.
Drummer of Tedworth. (_See_ Haunted Houses.)
Du Barri, Vicomte, killed in a duel at Bath, ii. 293.
DUELS AND ORDEALS, ii. 261-301; the ordeal by combat, or trial by battle, its natural origin; authorised by law, 262; discouraged by the clergy, 263; the oath upon the Evangelists, 264; judgment by the cross, 264; fire-ordeal, 265; ordeals used by modern Hindoos, 265; water ordeal, 265; the _corsned_, or bread and cheese ordeal, 266; ordeals superseded by judicial combats, 267; duels of Ingelgerius and Gontran (_engraving_), 269; De Montfort and the Earl of Essex, 270; Du Guesclin and Troussel (_engraving_), 261, 271; Carrouges and Legris, 272; La Chataigneraie and De Jarnac, 273; L'Isle-Marivaut and Marolles, 276; the Dukes de Beaufort and de Nemours, 282; Count de Bussy and Bruc, 282; frivolous causes of duels, 270, 271, 276, 282, 292, 296; their prevalence in France, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282; the custom opposed by Sully and Henry IV.; council at Fontainebleau (_engraving_), and royal edict, 277-279; efforts of Richelieu to suppress duelling, 280; De Bouteville, a famous duellist, beheaded by the justice of Richelieu; opinion of Addison on duelling, 281; duels in Germany, 282; severe edict by Louis XIV., 283; singular laws of Malta, 284; judicial combat in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; Lord Bacon opposes duelling, 285; Lord Sanquir's duel with Turner; his execution for murder; combat between Lord Reay and David Ramsay prevented by Charles I., 287; Orders of the Commonwealth and Charles II. against the practice; Duke of Buckingham's duel with Earl Shrewsbury; disgraceful conduct of Charles II., 288; practice of seconds in duels fighting as well as principals, 280, 288; arguments of Addison, Steele, and Swift, 288; duels in England; Sir C. Deering and Mr. Thornhill; Duke of Marlborough and Earl Pawlet; Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun; trial of General Macartney, 289-292; Wilson killed by John Law, i. 3; Mr. Chaworth killed by Lord Byron, ii. 292; Vicomte Du Barri by Count Rice, the Duke of York and Colonel Lennox, 293; Irish duels, 294; Major Campbell executed for the death of Captain Boyd, 296; Macnamara and Montgomery; duels of German students, 297; Best and Lord Camelford, 297; Frederick the Great and Joseph II. of Austria opposed to duelling, 298; other European edicts; laws of America, 299; general reflections, 300.
Du Guesclin and Troussel, their duel (_engraving,_) ii. 261, 271.